Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, more commonly known as dry eye, is a common eye condition affecting millions worldwide. The condition is characterized by insufficient lubrication of the eye's surface, leading to discomfort and, in some cases, eye health complications.
Causes of keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca usually occurs as a result of tear dysfunction. Tears play an essential role in moisturizing and protecting the eye's surface. They are made up of three layers: a lipid layer to prevent evaporation, an aqueous layer for hydration, and a mucous layer to help the tear film spread evenly. Lubrication becomes insufficient when these layers are out of balance, leading to dry eyes.
Here are a few factors that can cause this imbalance:
- Environmental factors: Exposure to low-humidity conditions, such as dry weather, air conditioning or wind, can increase tear evaporation.
- Age and hormonal changes: Aging and hormonal changes, particularly in women after menopause, increase the likelihood of dry eyes.
- Prolonged screen use: Decreased blinking during screen use (computers, smartphones) can lead to increased tear evaporation.
- Prolonged contact lens wear: Contact lenses can absorb moisture from the eye, contributing to dryness.
- Medical conditions and certain medications: Diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome and diabetes, as well as the use of medications such as antihistamines, antidepressants, and some blood pressure medications, can aggravate dry eye.
Symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca
People suffering from keratoconjunctivitis sicca may experience a variety of symptoms, including:
- a burning or stinging sensation in the eyes
- redness of the eye
- increased sensitivity to light (photophobia)
- a feeling of eye fatigue
- temporary blurred vision
- sensation of a foreign body, as if sand were in the eye
These symptoms can vary in intensity and may worsen after prolonged periods of reading, screen work or exposure to dry environments.
Treatments for keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Fortunately, there are several approaches to treating keratoconjunctivitis sicca, which can relieve symptoms and improve eye health:
- Artificial tears: Moisturizing eye drops are a common treatment for dry eyes. They mimic natural tears and provide temporary relief.
- Eye gels and ointments: Usually used before bedtime, they provide longer-lasting hydration.
- Lifestyle and environmental changes: Using sunglasses to protect eyes from the wind, adding a humidifier to indoor spaces, and taking frequent breaks when using screens can help.
- Advanced treatments: In some cases, treatments such as tear plugs, which partially block tear drainage to maintain more lubrication, can be offered. Intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy is also being developed to target eyelid glands.
When should you consult an Optometrist?
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca can be uncomfortable, but it can also lead to complications if left untreated, such as eye infections or corneal damage. We therefore recommend consulting an Optometrist if symptoms persist. Your trusted Optometrist will be able to identify the underlying cause of dry eye and recommend appropriate treatments.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is an eye condition that affects many people, particularly in modern society, where screens and air-conditioned environments are integral to daily life. With the proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments, it's possible to manage symptoms and regain optimal ocular comfort effectively.
Do you think you suffer from dry eyes? Consult your Optometrist for a complete assessment and personalized treatment recommendations.
