Here's a subject that may seem surprising: cataracts in children. When we hear of cataracts, we usually think of a disease associated with aging, mainly affecting the elderly. However, cataracts can also affect children, albeit much less frequently.
What is a cataract?
A cataract is an opacification of the crystalline lens, the natural, transparent lens of the eye, located behind the iris and pupil. The crystalline lens is crucial in bringing light into focus on the retina for clear, focused vision. Thanks to the crystalline lens, we can switch from near to far vision. When the crystalline lens becomes opaque, light can no longer pass through properly, resulting in blurred vision.
Congenital cataracts
In children, cataracts can be present from birth and are known as congenital cataracts. They are often detected during the newborn's first health check-ups. The causes of congenital cataracts can be varied:
- Genetic: certain genetic mutations can cause cataracts.
- Prenatal infections: infections contracted by the mother during pregnancy, such as rubella, cytomegalovirus or toxoplasmosis, can cause cataracts in the fetus.
- Metabolic disorders: certain metabolic conditions, such as galactosemia, can cause cataracts.
- Genetic syndromes and diseases: syndromes such as Down's, Marfan's, or Lowe's syndrome are often associated with cataracts.
Acquired cataracts in children
In addition to congenital cataracts, children can also develop cataracts later in childhood. Acquired cataracts can be caused by:
- Eye trauma: injury to the eye can damage the lens and lead to cataracts.
- Radiation: excessive exposure to radiation, including radiotherapy treatments for certain diseases, can lead to cataracts.
- Medication: prolonged use of certain medications, such as corticosteroids, can increase the risk of cataracts.
- Systemic diseases: medical conditions such as diabetes can contribute to cataract formation.
Symptoms and diagnosis
Symptoms of cataracts in children can vary depending on the severity and location of the opacification. Some signs to watch out for include:
- Blurred or double vision
- Sensitivity to light
- Strabismus (eye deviation)
- Abnormal eye movements
- Lack of pupil reaction to light
The diagnosis of cataracts in children requires a comprehensive examination by an Optometrist, which may include vision assessment, pupil examination, and imaging tests.
Treatment of cataracts in children
The treatment of cataracts in children depends on several factors, including the child's age, the severity of the cataract, and its impact on vision. In some cases, regular monitoring may suffice if the cataract does not significantly affect vision. However, surgery may be required if the cataract interferes with the child's visual development.
Cataract surgery in children is delicate and requires specialized expertise. The opaque crystalline lens is removed and replaced by an artificial intraocular lens. After the operation, regular follow-up is crucial to monitor the eye's healing and correct any residual vision problems with glasses or contact lenses.
Although rare, cataracts in children are a reality. Recognizing early signs and symptoms is essential to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment. Thanks to advances in modern medicine, children with cataracts can benefit from effective treatments that enable them to develop healthy vision and lead normal lives.
Don't hesitate to consult your trusted Optometrist if you have any concerns about your child's vision. Early detection and intervention can significantly impact your child's life.
